One tool that can help you achieve this is Cubic, which offers a range of features designed to simplify and enhance the process of customizing your Ubuntu distribution and other Debian-based systems.

Let’s take a closer look at what Cubic is, how it works, and why it’s become the go-to modern tool for customizing Ubuntu and other Debian-based distributions.

Cubic, or Custom Ubuntu ISO Creator, provides a user-friendly graphical interface that allows you to create a bootable ISO image of your customized Ubuntu system with ease. It simplifies the entire process, making it more accessible for users of all skill levels by offering a more streamlined and efficient approach to customizing Ubuntu, compared to older, more manual methods.

With Cubic, you can easily add or remove packages, modify system settings, and even include your own scripts—all within a single environment.

This guide will take you through the entire process, from installation to customization.

System Requirements

Before you begin, ensure your system meets the following requirements:

• Operating System: Ubuntu 20.04 LTS or later, or Linux Mint based on Ubuntu.
• RAM: At least 2 GB (4 GB or more recommended).
• Disk Space: A minimum of 5 GB of free space for the project directory and ISO files.

If your system meets the minimum requirements, you’re all set to follow the guide below.

Step 1: Install Cubic

Before you can start creating your custom ISO, you need to install Cubic on your system. Here’s how:

1. Open the terminal by finding it in your applications menu or by pressing Ctrl + Alt + T.
   

   

2. You need to enable the Universe Repository, as this is necessary for installing Cubic.

   sudo add-apt-repository universe

   

3. Add the Cubic PPA by using the command that adds the repository containing Cubic.

   sudo add-apt-repository ppa:cubic-wizard/release

   

4. Refresh your package list to include the new PPA.

   sudo apt update

   

5. Now, install Cubic using the following command.

   sudo apt install --no-install-recommends cubic

   

Note: The –no-install-recommends option keeps the installation lightweight by not including extra packages.

Step 2: Launch Cubic

Once installed, you can launch Cubic by finding it in your applications menu and clicking to open it, or by typing cubic into the terminal.

Step 3: Set Up Your Project

When you launch Cubic, you will be guided through several steps to create your custom ISO.

1. Choose a folder where Cubic will store your project files, and it’s best to create a new folder for this purpose.

   Example: Create a folder named CubicProject on your Desktop.

   

2. Click on the folder icon in Cubic and navigate to your newly created folder, then select it.
   

   

Step 4: Choose the ISO File

1. Start by providing an Ubuntu ISO file. In Cubic, you can use the Ubuntu ISO or any of its derivatives. For this guide, we’ve chosen to work with the Linux Mint ISO, but the process for customizing an Ubuntu ISO is exactly the same. You can download the latest Ubuntu ISO from the official Ubuntu website. If you’re using the Linux Mint ISO, download the latest Cinnamon Edition from its official site.
   

   

2. After downloading, click on the Browse button in Cubic and locate your downloaded ISO file.
   

   

Step 5: Customize Volume Information

Customize the Volume ID, Name, and Version of your ISO.

Example:

• Volume ID: MyCustomDistro
• Name: My Custom Distro
• Version: 1.00

Explanation: This information will be displayed when you install or boot from your custom ISO.

Step 6: Decompress the ISO

Click Next to start the process of decompressing the ISO. This may take a few moments, depending on your system’s speed.

Step 7: Customize the Filesystem

Once the ISO is decompressed, you will enter a chroot environment where you can customize the filesystem.

1. If you want your custom ISO to include the latest software, start by running the following command in the terminal:

   sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

   

   You can run commands to install software, remove packages, or make other changes.

   Example to Install a Package:

   sudo apt install package-name

   

   Replace package-name with the name of the software you want to install.

2. To remove packages you don’t want in your custom distro, use the following command:

   sudo apt purge package-name

   

3. You can edit configuration files to change system settings; for example, to modify the sources.list file:

   sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

   Explanation: nano is a text editor that runs in the terminal. Use it to make changes and save with Ctrl + O, then exit with Ctrl + X.

Step 8: Customize Desktop Environment and Settings

1. You can modify the desktop environment settings, such as changing the theme or icons.

   Example: To install a new theme, you might run:

   sudo apt install gnome-themes-standard

2. To add files or wallpapers, you can copy them directly into the filesystem. For example, to add a wallpaper:

   cp /path/to/your/wallpaper.jpg /usr/share/backgrounds/

3. Set the wallpaper you want by typing:

   gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.background picture-uri file:///usr/share/backgrounds/custom_wallpaper.jpg

Adjust the command for other desktop environments as needed.

Step 9: Finalize Your Custom ISO

1. After making all your desired changes, click Next to exit the chroot environment.
   

   

2. You will now see a list of all the packages included in the live ISO. You can check or uncheck packages to include or exclude and choose between a minimal and standard installation (the selected packages will be removed).
   

   

3. After customizing the filesystem and reviewing the package selections, you will have the option to choose which kernel to use for booting the live ISO. Select the kernel that best fits your needs (the latest kernel will be selected by default).
   

   

4. If you want to automate the installation process, you can create or modify preseed files. This allows you to skip prompts during installation. Navigate to the Preseed tab in Cubic to create or edit these files.
   
5. Finally, select the compression type for your ISO.
   Options include:
   • X-Z: Smaller ISO, longer packing/unpacking time.
   • LZ4: Larger ISO, minimal packing/unpacking time.
   • GZIP: A balanced option.
     

     

6. Click the Generate button to create your custom ISO. This process may take some time, depending on the changes you’ve made.
   

   

Step 10: Test Your Custom Distro

1. To test your new ISO, you can use VirtualBox or another virtualization software. If you don’t have VirtualBox, you can install it using:

   sudo apt install virtualbox

2. Open VirtualBox and click New to create a new virtual machine.
   • Choose OS Type: Select Linux and Ubuntu (64-bit).
   • Allocate Resources: Assign at least 2 GB of RAM and create a virtual hard disk.
3. In the virtual machine settings, go to Storage, select the empty optical drive, and click on the disk icon to choose your custom ISO.
4. Start the virtual machine and ensure that it boots from the ISO. You should see your customized version of Ubuntu/Linux Mint.

Step 11: Finalization and Distribution

• Use tools like Rufus/balenaEtcher (for Windows) or Etcher (for Linux) to create a bootable USB drive from your custom ISO.

• If you want to share your custom ISO, consider uploading it to a file-sharing service or hosting it on a personal website. If you followed all the steps carefully, you have successfully created your own custom Linux distribution using Cubic.

Feel free to explore further customizations and enjoy your new distro! If you have any questions or run into issues, don’t hesitate to seek help from the Linux community, as they are often very supportive and knowledgeable. Let’s wrap up by addressing a common question: Is it better to use Ubuntu as is, or should you consider customizing it?

The Bottom Line

Deciding whether to stick with Ubuntu’s default setup or customize it with tools like Cubic really comes down to what you need. The default setup is perfect for its simplicity and reliability, but customization can give you a more personalized and potentially powerful experience. Ubuntu’s flexibility lets you choose what suits you best.

If you run into any issues while customizing your Ubuntu ISO with Cubic, you can always revisit this guide for help or reach out to the supportive Ubuntu community, which is likely to have solutions for you. And if you have any other questions about this guide, don’t hesitate to leave a comment below. Thanks for reading!

The post How to Use Cubic to Make Your Own Linux Distro? appeared first on Appuals.

Naturally, Linux isn’t built for gaming. But for computer geeks who don’t want to sacrifice their freedom of Linux, gaming can be quite a challenge. And if you’re one of those geeks who want to game, and stay on Linux, you might be looking for a solution or workaround of sorts. That’s where Linux gaming distros come in. What are those? Read on below and find out.

What are Linux Distros?

Linux distros, abbreviated from Linux distributions, are operating systems that consist of the Linux kernel and several other core components like a program installer and management tools. Each Linux distro is distinct, as each specializes in their own field. Each distro may offer different capabilities and support for different applications.

Because Linux is open-source in nature, anyone is free to create their own distro. All distros are open-source too, meaning that if you possess the relevant knowledge, you can modify the distro you’re installing, or make whatever changes you want after installing it.

READ MORE: Which Linux Distribution is Considered the Most Cutting-Edge Distribution? ➜

Linux Distros vs. Custom Windows ISOs

While most of us are content with using the default Windows provided by Microsoft, custom versions of Windows also exist. Although they maintain the core aspects of Windows, they are modified in a way to specialize in some category. This could be gaming, coding, virtualization etc. Custom Windows ISOs are also open-source, and you can modify them however you like, or create a new one altogether.

In a way, they are quite similar to Linux distros as they maintain the core aspects of their original source, but differ in terms of program compatibility, user interface, and functionality, all while being open source for the most part. Although, it’s worth noting that most Linux distros receive more support in the form of updates and fixes, than custom Windows ISOs.

READ MORE: How to Create your Own Debloated Windows 11 ISO? ➜

Best Linux Distros for Gaming

Without further ado, let’s take a look at the best Linux distros for gaming:

1. Nobara

The Best Linux Gaming Distro

Nobara is a modified version of Fedora, which itself is a Linux distro. While Fedora is more suited for general everyday use, Nobara is primarily focused on gaming. By debloating (removing unwanted system apps) Fedora, implementing WINE layers, including GPU drivers for both AMD and NVIDIA out-of-the-box, pre-installed Steam and Proton, and much more.

Although it may be a bit new, Nobara is definitely the best Linux distro for gaming. Since it has all the prerequisites that you’ll need to start gaming pre-installed, and is devoid of most of the bloatware, it has better performance in games when compared to most distros. It also has support for OBS Studio and OpenRGB so you get the best gaming experience possible.

READ MORE: How to Install a Complete Linux Distro on Android ➜

2. Pop!_OS

The Most Versatile Linux Gaming Distro

Pop!_OS is a distro based off Ubuntu, the most popular Linux distro. It aims keep the best parts of Ubuntu, while catering to users of all kinds; app developers, gamers, coders etc. Pop!_OS features a beautiful user interface along with frequent updates so that you never get left behind in terms of what’s new.

Since AMD GPU drivers are included by default in the Linux kernel, in most distros you have to download drivers for NVIDIA GPUs manually. In the case of Pop!_OS, you can install a separate ISO that comes with pre-installed NVIDIA drivers. All these factors make it the most versatile gaming distro you’ll need.

However, the GNOME desktop is troublesome for some users, while the limited installation options are something to consider.

3. Fedora

The Most Up-to-date Linux Gaming Distro

Many Linux veterans recommend Fedora as the first distro for a newcomer. Fedora has been around for more than 20 years and has many spins (distros that are officially based on Fedora). Based on this alone, Fedora has a stellar reputation in the community for being reliable, easy to work with, compatible with a large number of apps and so on.

However, Fedora isn’t all milk and cookies. It requires a lot of setup, something which many may find tiring. Also, the constant updates make it a bit unstable. GNOME also doesn’t help out, but is easily replaceable, thanks to the multiple installation options. Overall, Fedora should a solid distro for your gaming needs, as long as you have a decent and modern device.

READ MORE: How to Install a Complete Linux Distro on Android ➜

4. Garuda

The Most Stylish Linux Gaming Distro

Garuda is a rolling release distro, meaning that it is an unstable distro that receives continuous updates. While this may spell a big no for many of you, one can’t deny that Garuda is arguably the best looking distro out there. The theming and customizations are a bit overwhelming, but that doesn’t stop it from being so detailed and stylish.

Garuda is built for gamers as it supports a wide variety of gaming apps and allows you to easy easily install them. It even supports some emulation. But, due to its unstable nature, which is mostly limited to minor breaks, we wouldn’t recommend using it on a NVIDIA GPU. Also, hoping to fix your problem by interacting with a toxic community is the fool’s way of thinking, especially for Garuda.

5. Ubuntu

The Most Stable Linux Gaming Distro

This list couldn’t be complete without Ubuntu, arguably the most popular and widely used Linux distro. Ubuntu is widely known as the face of Linux and is primarily used for introducing beginners to Linux. Unlike most Linux distros, Ubuntu prides itself on its stability, even if it comes at the cost of new and innovative features arriving later when compared to other distros.

While Ubuntu may be stable, it doesn’t let go of Linux’s DIY nature. You’ll have to install all the pre-requisites like WINE, Proton, and if you’re using an NVIDIA GPU, graphic drivers. Other than this, Ubuntu offers smooth sailing and is very user-friendly. It’s also very secure against malware and can be used as a server system, prompting many enterprises to use it for the very same purpose.

READ MORE: How to Install Ubuntu Without a GUI ➜

Should You Switch?

Linux is pretty lightweight, offers more customizations and freedom, and compatible with older hardware. In some cases, it has improved performance in games, while in some cases; not so much. However, that doesn’t mean that it’s hit or miss. Ever since the Steam Deck launched, Linux gaming has made great advancements.

SteamOS, the operating system used by the Steam Deck, is built using the Linux kernel, therefore, Valve developed Proton to help with the compatibility issues. It’s also why the Steam Deck is able to achieve such a decent performance, despite being smaller than the average laptop. Nevertheless, whether you want to switch is up to you, as Linux does require that you have proper knowledge of its commands.

READ MORE: How to Create a Dual Boot for Windows and Ubuntu ➜

Conclusion

Overall, if you can bear with a few crashes here and there, you can go ahead and install Linux for gaming. There are many other distros out there, and most distros have great documentation and a friendly community ready to help you out. However, if you don’t want to go through the hassle, you can stick to regular Windows.

In our opinion, you’re better off debloating your Windows and following some optimization procedures, rather than installing a custom Windows ISO. Rather than installing a custom Windows ISO, you would be better off with Linux. At the end of the day, the choice rests with you.

The post The Best Linux Distros for Gaming in 2024 [Max Performance] appeared first on Appuals.

What’s an init system?

Init system is the first process that runs after your kernel boots up. There are more than one init systems out there for Linux but the most popular one is systemd, and it is used in many of the major Linux operating systems. Systemd is a set of daemons and libraries which controls all the other daemons and libraries e.g. starting or stopping a daemon, enabling or disabling a daemon. A daemon in Linux is equal to a service in Windows which runs in the background.

How you can fix systemctl command not found in  Linux distributions:

In order to fix this error, you have two choices. 

• Install systemd and replace your current init system with systemd. Since systemctl command not found error comes because you don’t have systemd installed on your system.
• Use the init system your linux distribution has to manage different daemons/services. This solution is for those of you who don’t have systemd installed but don’t want to install systemd on their machine or if systemd is not available in your distribution’s repositories.

1. Install systemd (if not installed):

If you are using a Debian/Ubuntu based operating system, you can type a command to do a search that whether systemd is installed or not. 

Type this command if you are using Ubuntu or Debian based operating systems and press enter. 

sudo dpkg -l | grep systemd.

For arch linux based distributions, use this command:

pacman -Qs systemd

If you see some text as output of this command, then it means systemd is installed on your system and it might be corrupted. 

You then need to reinstall systemd for the systemctl command to work. 

To do that type this command in a terminal and press Enter. 

sudo apt-get install --reinstall systemd.

This will reinstall systemd with apt package manager that’s used by Debian/Ubuntu based distributions.

For arch linux or its derivatives, use this command:

sudo pacman -S systemd

If you didn’t get any output from the sudo dpkg -l | grep systemd command above, then it means systemd is not installed on your distribution. 

In such a scenario, you can either use the init system your distribution has or install systemd. 

To install systemd on debian/Ubuntu based distributions, type this command in a terminal and press Enter:

sudo apt-get install systemd

For arch linux, type pacman -S systemd as root user or using sudo.

This will install systemd on your operating system. You will now be able to use the systemctl command without any errors. 

2. Use the init system of your distribution:

Another, and preferably the best solution for this error is to use the init system your Linux distribution already has to manage dameons/services. 

To see which init system your computer has, you can type this command in a terminal and press enter.

ls -l /sbin/init 

The /sbin/init is a symlink to the init system your linux distribution uses. If you see the symlink of /sbin/init to /lib/sysvinit/init , then it means that your distribution uses sysv init system and you will have to use the service command instead of systemctl to manage services or daemons. 

The syntax of sysv init system to manage services is also pretty simple:

service [service_name] [action]

You can thus start a service by typing service [service_name] start 

e.g : 

If you want to start the bluetooth daemon/service you can type the command:

sudo service bluetooth start 

Then to check whether it is running without any errors, you can type the command 

sudo service bluetooth status

If you want to restart or stop a service, you can use the commands “service [service-name] restart” and “service [service-name] stop” respectively. 

For example, if you want to stop the bluetooth service, you can type:

sudo service bluetooth stop   

It is possible that your init system might not be sysvinit either and some other init system. For that, you just need to do a simple Google search on the output of the symlink of /sbin/init. Then you can use the commands that are applicable to the init system your machine has.

Many init systems usually have the same commands as start, stop, restart but the commands to run them are different as sysvinit has service command to start or stop services and the systemd has systemctl command for it. 

If the above solutions didn’t work for you, keep following the article as the solution listed below might work for you.

How to fix systemd-resolve command not found?

Another error related to systemctl status command not found is the systemd-resolve command not found. Users can be mistaken that they don’t have systemd installed and that’s why, systemd-resolve is not working. But instead, in versions of systemd 239 and above, the systemd-resolve command has been changed to resolvectl. 

You can thus use “resolvectl ”  to interact with the systemd-resolve utility in your linux distributions.  

The post How to Fix SystemCTL Command Not Found Issue? appeared first on Appuals.

Let’s take a look at the main cause of this error, then we can try each solution to see which one works the best.

Mainly this error occurs when you don’t have permissions to execute, write or read the file.

Let’s assume we are inside a Zsh shell in a Linux operating system and you are trying to list the contents of a file using ‘cat’, but you receive a ‘permission denied’ error.

Now to fix this error, first we need to list the permissions of the file. We execute “ls -l” to see the permissions.

As you can see, the permissions are such that only root user and root group can read the file, while the root user can only write on the file.

1. Use sudo

To fix this, the simplest solution would be to use ‘sudo’ with the command we want to run. This will execute the command as the root user. In your case as well, you can use ‘sudo’ when you are confident that the command you want to execute or the task you want to run won’t harm your computer.

We can thus run:

sudo cat file

2. Change permissions of the file or files

The next thing we can do is to change permissions of the file. Since permission denied error is usually caused by read or write permissions, we can change the permissions of that particular file or files. 

By executing ‘ls -l’ inside the directory where the file is located, we can see that the owner and group of the file are root.

We can change the owner to our user and then do what we want to do with the file. 

We can run:

sudo chown [user] [file-name]

In our example, as v3n0m is the user we are logged in as, we will issue the command as:

sudo chown v3n0m file

v3n0m here is our user. In your case it would be your username. 

Now, we can run cat on the file as it would no longer give us a permission denied error. 

3. Enable Execute permissions

You can use ./ with a filename in zsh or other shells to execute a file as a program. But if the execute permissions are not set on a file, it will give you zsh : permission denied error.

Let’s say we want to execute a script called script1. We type ./script1 in our terminal and it gives us this error: 

We do ls -la on the file to see the permissions. As you can see the execute permissions on the file are not set. 

The solution here is simple, add the execute permissions on the file.
We issue a simple command 

chmod +x script1

chmod +x would add the execute bit on the file’s permission for owner, group as well as others. 

Now we can run the file as program by typing ./script1 without any error.

This should fix the error if you are facing it on Linux, however, if you are facing this error of MacOS or Gradle keep following the article.

Edit your zshrc File (macOS)

Some users have reported in their MacOS using zsh when they are not inside the directory from where they want to execute a command. 

If you face a similar issue, then the fix for it is really simple. 

You need to edit your .zshrc file in your home/username directory and add this to the end of the file. 

setopt auto_cd

This will enable the option of auto_cd in zsh.

In order to edit the .zshrc file, you can use any graphical text editor or a command line text editor like vim or vi.

Use CHMOD Command to Set Permissions (Gradle)

Zsh permission denied error can occur if you are working on gradle and the gradlew file doesn’t have the correct permissions. 

In order to fix such an error, you need to set the correct permissions on gradlew. 

You can type this command in your terminal,

chmod 755 gradlew 

This will make the gradlew file executable and the error will be fixed.

Or you can simple type this command chmod +x gradlew 

This will also make the gradlew file executable.

If none of these solutions worked for you, feel free to comment down below and our technician will be happy to help you shortly

The post Fix “zsh: permissions denied” Error in Linux or macOS appeared first on Appuals.

The ‘rmdir: directory not empty’ error occurs when you run the rmdir command on a directory that is not empty, meaning it contains files or other directories inside it. This is the expected behavior of the rmdir command, and it will give you an error when you run it on a non-empty directory in Linux or other operating systems that have the rmdir utility.

How can I fix ‘rmdir: directory not empty’ in Linux?

There are a few simple fixes you can try in order to get rid of this error. Apart from running the command in a non-empty directory, this error can also occur due to symlink issues, among other things.

We will let you know about the various fixes you can try to get rid of this error.

1. Use the “rm -rf” parameter

You can use the ‘rm’ command line utility in Linux to delete directories that are not empty if you are encountering this error. To verify whether the directory is not empty and the error is not caused by anything else, simply issue an ‘ls -a’ command on the directory you want to delete. If you see files in the directory, as the output of ‘ls -a’ would show you, then you can issue the ‘rm -rf’ command to delete the directory.

Example:

We want to delete the directory abcd.

We issued an ‘ls -a’ command to check whether the directory was not empty, and it showed us that there were some files present inside the directory.

We can issue rmdir command on the directory but it will give us an error since the directory is not empty. 

The simplest solution here is to use rm -rf on the directory. 

rm -rf abcd

The -r option means recursive i.e delete everything inside the directory recursively (other directories inside it will be deleted too.)

The -f means to force delete, i.e in this case, the force option implies that delete the directory even if it’s not empty.

If you want to delete a directory on which your user doesn’t have write permissions, then you can use:

sudo rm -rf 

Using sudo with rm is only recommended when you know what you are doing and the directory you want to delete isn’t a system directory as the root user can delete system directories too.

2. Use a file manager to delete the directory:

In some scenarios, for unknown reasons users have reported that they couldn’t delete files using the rm utility even by using the -f and -r flag and were able to delete the files using a file manager. You can also try that.

In Ubuntu and many other Linux distributions, file managers are installed by default. You can use such file managers to delete directories or folders as well. 

If you are using Ubuntu, you can use the Nautilus file Manager which is installed in it by default to delete directories. Other file managers can be used as well. Nautilus is just an example.

Fix rmdir: directory not empty in Windows:

This error can also occur in Windows when trying to delete a directory using the command prompt or PowerShell. In order to fix this error in Windows, you can try the following:

• Use rm -rf method as shown in the Linux fix above.
• Make sure the directory you want to delete isn’t accessed by any other program. If it’s, use the task manager to kill that program.

Then try and delete the directory afterwards in cmd or powershell using rmdir or rm -rf

The post How to Fix ‘rmdir: Directory not empty’ error? appeared first on Appuals.

The SCP ‘permission denied’ error can occur due to a variety of reasons, such as incorrectly specified paths or a writing permission error. We will explore some of the reasons as to why this error occurs and how to resolve it.

Cause : Not having write permissions 

One reason this error occurs is that your user does not have write permissions for the specific directory on the host where you are trying to write files. To check these permissions, you can use the ‘ls -l’ command, which will display the write permissions.

Look for a ‘w’ in the first four alphabets in the first column of the output. If you see one, it means your user has write permission for that directory. Alternatively, you can always create a file using the touch command in that directory. If you receive no errors, such as ‘permission denied,’ then it means your user has write permissions.

Example:

Let’s say you want to copy a file to a remote host using SCP, and you get permission denied because of write permissions.

scp abcd.txt user@127.0.0.1:/home/abcduser/abcd.txt

Solution 1 : Use the root account to transfer files

To fix such an error, you need to grant write permissions to your user for that directory. For that, you need root privileges or sudo. Another thing you can do is to copy the file to a directory where your user has write permissions.

In such a scenario, you either need to allow your current user the write permissions on /home/abcduser or you can use the root user account to copy that file.

To allow the root user to copy a file using scp, you need to allow root login on ssh which is not recommended for security reasons but you can use it anyway in such scenarios and disable it afterwards. 

To do that, open the openssh config at /etc/ssh/sshd_config and uncomment PermitRootLogin in a text editor in the remote host

Afterwards, connect to the remote host using its root account. 

Then run the command like this: 

scp abcd.txt root@127.0.0.1:/abcduser/abcd.txt 

Or simply this will do 

scp abcd.txt 127.0.0.1:/abcduser/abcd.txt

As they are both the same.

Solution 2: Add your user to the write permissions group:

To have a user write on a directory/file in linux, you either need to add a user to the group that owns the directory or file or make the file owned by that user. 

In our example, we run ls -l on the /home/ directory on the remote system to see which group owns /home/abcd. 

The ls -l command will give you an output, where the contents of the 4th column is the group which owns a corresponding directory/file.

In our example, it’s the abcduser group which owns the directory /home/abcduser then we can

Simply run this command on the remote system.

sudo groupadd user abcd 

It’s the ‘abcd’ group we want our user to be part of and the user we want to change the group of, is ‘user’. 

Run the ls -l command again and if you see a ‘w’ in the 6th place of the output in the first column, then it means the group has write permissions on that directory.

Then rerun the command again, which in our case would be:

scp abcd.txt user@somepc:/home/abcduser/abcd.txt

Solution 3: Use the user that owns that directory to copy the file 

The simplest solution of all is to use the user which owns that directory to copy the file to it. 

Simply run ls -l on the directory. In our case it would be: 

ls -l /home/

The output of the third column will be the user that owns that directory corresponding to the name of the directory you are interested in. In our case, it’s abcduser owns the directory /home/abcduser as seen in the screenshot above.

Then use that particular account while copying the file using scp to the remote host.
In our case, we run the command as follow:

scp abcd.txt abcduser@127.0.0.1:/home/abcduser/abcd.txt

Cause 2: Not having a private key for that user of the remote host 

You might get an error where it would say scp permission denied (public key) when you are trying to transfer files between hosts. 

That’s an authentication issue of ssh and the reason for that is you haven’t added a private key to scp while running it. 

Example: 

scp somefile user@127.0.0.1:/home/user/somefile.txt

Solution:

A simple fix for it is to run the scp command with the -i flag, thus adding the private key for that user using which you want to connect to the remote host and transfer files. 

You need to make sure you have the private key for that user and if you don’t, you need to generate it on the remote machine, and then have scp utility use it using the -i flag.

In our case, the solution would be: 

scp -i key.pem somefile user@127.0.0.1:/home/user/somefile.txt

Where key.pem is the private key file for the user ‘user’. 

Note: We have used 127.0.0.1 as the remote host just for example, in your case the remote host would likely be a remote machine and not your localhost.

The post SCP Permission Denied: What causes it? How to Fix? appeared first on Appuals.

The error message “scp not a regular file” can occur on various operating systems, including Unix-like systems such as ‘Linux’, ‘macOS’, and ‘BSD’. It can also occur on Windows systems that have the SCP command installed, typically as part of third-party software like ‘PuTTY’ or ‘Cygwin’

To assist you in resolving this error, we have curated a troubleshooting guide that will help you address this issue in detail.

1. Syntax issues

Unix and Linux have a reputation for strict adherence to well-defined syntax rules and standards governing commands, shell scripting, and configuration files. Following the prescribed syntax is crucial to ensure proper execution and expected behavior in these operating systems.

So, if an imperfection in the syntax is discovered, the system automatically prompts the user with an error; in this case, the error is “scp: not a regular file.” There are a number of considerations one should keep in mind when trying to copy a file.

1.1 Check Spaces

Checking for spaces in file or directory names is an important task in Unix/Linux. It ensures that there are no leading or trailing spaces that could potentially cause issues when working with commands or scripts.

For instance, let’s consider a scenario in which you have a file named ‘my_file.txt’ located in the ‘/home/user’ directory. To verify the presence of spaces in the file name, you can use the following command:

ls -Q/home/user

The -Q option is employed to display file and directory names within quotes. If any spaces exist in the file name, they will be visibly enclosed within the quotes upon running this command.

For instance, if the output shows a particular result, we should take the necessary action

"myfile.txt"

It signifies the presence of a space in the file name. In such cases, it is recommended to handle spaces in file names by using special characters or enclosing the name in quotes when working with commands or scripts.

To prevent potential issues associated with spaces in file or directory names, it is generally advisable to use filenames that do not contain spaces

1.2 Missing or extra colon

The SCP command requires the use of colons to specify the remote server and file paths. For example, using incorrect syntax like ‘scp user@host filepath’ instead of ‘scp user@host:filepath’ can cause an error. So, in order to avoid the error “scp not a regular file,” make sure that you adhere to the syntax limitations.

1.3 Mixing up Source and Destination

When using the SCP command, mixing up the source and destination paths can cause errors or unexpected behavior. It is important to maintain the correct order to ensure a successful file transfer.

To clarify, the SCP command follows the syntax:

scp <source> <destination>.

If you mistakenly swap the source and destination paths, it may lead to files being copied in the wrong direction or trigger the “scp not a regular file” error if the destination is invalid.

For instance, let’s consider copying a file named “file.txt” from the local machine to a remote server:

Correct: scp file.txt user@remote:/path/to/destination

Incorrect: scp user@remote:/path/to/destination file.txt

The incorrect usage would attempt to copy the remote file named “file.txt” to the local machine, resulting in undesired outcomes or an error. To ensure smooth file transfers, always double-check and maintain the correct order of the source and destination paths when using the SCP command.

2. Use the option “-r”

The reason you’re facing this error is that you’re probably copying a directory while not specifying to the operating system that you’re copying a directory.

By default SCP treats the file as regular files, so option -r must be added when copying a directory. The error “scp not a regular” occurs when the user is trying to copy a directory and does not specify this action by using the -r option.

When you want to copy an entire directory, along with all its subdirectories and files, you would use the “-r” option. Without the “-r” option, SCP would only copy individual files, not directories.

Here’s an example usage of scp with the “-r” option:

scp -r /path/to/source_directory user@remote:/path/to/destination_directory

This command would recursively copy the contents of the “source_directory” and all its subdirectories to the “destination_directory” on the remote server.

The post How to Fix ‘SCP: Not a Regular File’ Error? appeared first on Appuals.

This article will explain the reasons behind the “no module named TensorFlow” error and provide solutions to fix it.

Why does the ‘no module named TensorFlow’ error occur?

The ‘no module named TensorFlow’ error occurs when the TensorFlow module is not installed on your system, or when the installation is incomplete or corrupt. When you attempt to import the TensorFlow module, Python cannot locate it, resulting in this error.

Here is an example of the error message:

Solution: Install the TensorFlow Module.

To fix the no module named tensorflow error, you need to install the TensorFlow module on your system. Here are the steps to do so:

Step 1: Install pip

pip is a package installer for Python that allows you to easily install and manage Python packages. If you do not have pip installed on your system, follow the steps below to install it:

For Linux:

$ sudo apt-get install python3-pip             #For Debian and Ubuntu-Based Distributions
$ sudo yum install python3-pip                 #For CentOS/RHEL
$ sudo dnf install python3-pip                 #For Fedora
$ sudo pacman -S python-pip                    #For Arch-Based Distributions

For macOS:

$ sudo easy_install pip

For Windows:

Download the pip installer from https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py and run the following command in the command prompt:

python get-pip.py

Step 2: Install TensorFlow

Once you have pip installed, you can install TensorFlow by running the following command:

pip install tensorflow

This will install the latest version of TensorFlow on your system.

Step 3: Verify the installation

To verify that TensorFlow is installed correctly, open a Python shell and enter the following code:

>>> import tensorflow as tf

If the installation was successful, no error message will appear and you’ll be able to proceed with using TensorFlow. However, if an error message appears, it may indicate that the installation was not successful or that there is a compatibility issue with your system. In this case, you may need to reinstall TensorFlow or consult the TensorFlow documentation for further troubleshooting steps.

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The error “failed to load module canberra-gtk-module” occurs when any application tries to load the “canberra GTK” module on Linux.

This post will uncover the possible reasons and the solutions to fix the error “failed to load module canberra-gtk-module.”

What causes Failed to load module canberra-gtk-module Error?

The following are the major causes of this error:

• When the program (usually a GTK-based application) requires the “gtk” module and the machine cannot load it.
• If the module is not installed on the system.
• If you run the command “canberra-gtk,” it will also throw the same error, which authenticates that the system cannot find the module.

1. Install the canberra-gtk-module on Linux

The only solution to this error is to install the gtk-module on Linux. Follow the steps and the commands to install the canberra-gtk-module on various Linux distributions are provided below:

1. The module is available on the default repositories of all the well-known Linux distributions. So, get the updated list of packages using the commands:
   For Debian/Ubuntu:

   sudo apt update

   

   For Arch-Based:

   sudo pacman -Syu

   For CentOS/RHEL:

   sudo yum check-update

   For Fedora:

   sudo dnf check-update

2. Once the packages list is updated, use the commands listed below to install the module. The module is named libcanberra-gtk3 in Fedora/Centos, and install libcanberra-gtk-module in Debian/Ubuntu-based distributions:For Debian/Ubuntu:

   sudo apt install libcanberra-gtk-module

   

   For Arch:

   sudo pacman -Syu libcanberra

   For CentOS/RHEL:

   sudo yum install libcanberra-gtk3

   For Fedora:

   sudo dnf install libcanberra-gtk3

3. Lastly, use the export command to set the “GTK_modules” environment, which will allow loading the module correctly:

   export GTK_modules-gtk-module

2. Reinstall the canberra-gtk Module

There might be a possibility that the installed module is corrupted and the system cannot detect the module. For that, the users must remove the module first and completely reinstall the fresh copy. The steps to completely remove and reinstall the module are listed below:

1. The complete removal of the module depends on the Linux distribution you are using:
   For Debian/Ubuntu:

   sudo apt autoremove canberra-gtk-module

   For CentOS:

   sudo yum autoremove canberra-gtk-module

   For Fedora:

   sudo dnf autoremove canberra-gtk-module

2. Now, go to “Solution 1” in the above section and follow steps 1 and 2 to reinstall the module. Afterward, execute “step3” to set the GTK_modules environment in your system.

The error “failed to load module canberra-gtk-module” occurs in Linux-based systems when the machine tries to find or use the GTK module, and the system cannot get it. There are two possible fixes to rectify the error, i.e., install the canberra-gtk module or reinstall (uninstall and install) the fresh copy of the canberra-gtk module. After installing, the user needs to add the environment variable of the canberra-gtk-module as well.

The post Fix: Failed to load module canberra-gtk-module appeared first on Appuals.

However, sometimes trying to access the servers or applications, the user can run into the PuTTY X11 proxy: Unsupported authorization protocol error. This error can be caused by a number of reasons which include:

• Wrong ownership of the Xauthority file (and Locked Files)
• Corrupt Xauthority file
• Invalid configuration of PuTTY
• Incorrect authorization settings Firewall
• X11forwarding is not configured in SSH config

This article demonstrates the methods to solve the unsupported authorization error for PuTTY.

Solution 1: Change Xauthority file ownership

The Xauthority file is the main component to use PuTTY because this file stores the cookies and credentials for the Xserver for the purpose of connection authentication. An unsupported authorization protocol error occurs when the Xauthority file is missing or the user is not the owner of the file. Let us follow the steps and solve this error.

1. Use the given list command to find the Xauthority file and confirm its ownership:

   ls -al .Xauthority

   

   The Xauthority file is currently owned by the root user, let’s Access the server using PuTTY to see how it responds to this ownership issue:

   

   The above output shows that it is necessary for the user to have control over the Xauthority.

2. Shift the ownership of the Xauthority file to the logged-in user and to do that execute the following command:
   Note: Write the username that you want to use instead of “linux-user” given in the command:

   sudo chown linux-user .Xauthority

   

3. Once the unsupported authorization protocol error occurs, the Xauthority file is often locked. When this file is locked, having the correct ownership will also not resolve the issue. Therefore, the user needs to check for the locked files and remove them. run the ls -al command to check if Xauthority-c and Xauthority-l files exist:

   ls -al

   

   If these files exist then remove the Xauthority-c and Xauthority-l files by using the following command:

   rm .Xauthority-c .Xauthority-l

   
   Note: Restart your machine and PuTTY connection for the changes to take effect.

4. Reconnect to the PuTTY server and call “xclock” to test the server:

   

   The authorization error has been successfully resolved.

Solution 2: Replace Xauthority corrupt file

In some cases, the Xauthority file can be corrupted and due to that, access to the server is not authorized. To solve this issue you will need to do the following steps

1. Run the “ls – al” command to check if our Xauthority file exists:
   
2. To remove the Xauthority file, use the following command:

   rm .Xauthority

   

3. Once you have deleted the Xauthority file reconnect the server using PuTTy, this will create your new Xauthority file in the directory, and run the “xclock” command:

   

   You have successfully logged into PuTTY and accessed the Xclock.

Solution 3: Reconfigure the Invalid configuration of PuTTY

Setting up your PuTTY is also essential and sometimes, users make mistakes while configuring or setting up their PuTTY. To solve this basic error, follow the steps provided below:

1. Open up PuTTY on your PC, click the Default Settings file, and load it:

   

2. Now, locate the SSH tab and click on the X11 option. Enable the X11Forwarding and set “X display location” to “localhost0”:

   

3. Now you will need to input the IP address or Host Name of the server you are going to access. After setting the Hostname or IP address, set the Port to 22 (or whatever port you have set for SSH) and then save the“Default File”:
   
4. Click the Open button and you will see the PuTTY terminal:

   

   In the PuTTY terminal, you will have to input the Username and the password of the server you are going to access. Once you pass these two arguments you will gain access to the remote server:

   

   As you can see you have successfully set up PuTTY and accessed the server.

Solution 4: Allow Firewall configuration for port 22

To use the X11Forwarding and PuTTY, you will need to configure the Firewall and enable Port 22. Here, the UFW utility is used to configure the Firewall:

1. Execute the following command in your terminal to allow the SSH server to gain access to port 22 through the Firewall:

   sudo ufw allow ssh

   

2. Enable the Firewall using the following command:

   sudo ufw enable

   

3. Check the Firewall status with the following command:

   sudo ufw status

   

   As we can see that both 22/tcp and 22/tcp (v6) are now enabled.Once we have completed these steps, reconnect the PuTTY X11 and see if the error is resolved. To connect to the PuTTY server, input the remote system login name and password to access the server.

   

   You have successfully resolved the error and gained access to the remote server.

Solution 5: Configure X11Forwarding in SSH Server config

Another configuration error due to which PuTTY X11 authorization is denied is the invalid configuration of the SSH server. To configure the SSH server you will run the following command in your terminal.

sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd/config

1. By running this command you will gain access to the SSH server’s config file:

   

2. In the SSH configuration, find X11Forwarding, then uncomment it to enable it. Set the X11Forwarding parameter to “yes”:

   

3. After that find “X11Displayoffset” also enable this setting and set the display to “10”:

   

4. After enabling the above settings enable the set “X11UseLocalhost” to “no”:

   

5. Furthermore, enable and set the “PrintMotd” setting to “no”:

   

6. After completing all the above steps, save the settings by using CTRL+O and then exit the config file by using CTRL+X. After that, try to reconnect to the server using PuTTY:

   

7. You have successfully logged into the server. Try and access the xclock by using the following command in your PuTTY terminal:

   xclock

   

   You have successfully solved the error and gained access to the remote machine.

The PuTTY X11 proxy: unsupported authorization protocol error is where you can’t gain access to the remote server using PuTTY. The reasons for this error to occur have been mentioned in this post along with their solutions.

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